ÍÁÕàÅÕ áÍÃìÎÒÃì·
“ʵÃÕ¤¹áá¼ÙéºÔ¹à´ÕèÂÇ¢éÒÁÁËÒÊÁطÔ
á»ÅáÅÐàÃÕºàÃÕ§¨Ò¡ http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq3-1.htm
â´Â...ǪÔÃÒÇÃó
ÍÁÕàÅÕ áÍÃìÎÒÃì·à¡Ô´àÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 24 ¡Ã¡®Ò¤Á ¤.È.1897 ã¹àÁ×ͧáÍ·ªÔÊѹ ÃѰ᤹«ÑÊ à¸ÍàÃÔèÁÍÒªÕ¾¹Ñ¡ºÔ¹ã¹»Õ 1921 ·ÕèÅÍÊ á͹à¨ÅÕÊ àÁ×èÍÍÒÂØà¾Õ§ 24 »Õ â´ÂÊÁѤÃà¢éÒÃѺ¡ÒÃͺÃÁ¡ÒúԹ¨Ò¡ Neta Snook áÅСç«×éÍà¤Ã×èͧ Kinner Airstar «Öè§à»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹ÅÓáá¢Í§à¸Í áµèà¹×èͧ¨Ò¡¤Ãͺ¤ÃÑÇÁÕ»ÑËÒ à¸Í¨Ö§¢ÒÂà¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹ÅÓ¹Õéä»ã¹»Õ 1924 áÅÐÂéÒ¡ÅѺä»ÍÂÙèã¹á¶ºµÐÇѹÍÍ¡ ·Õè«Öè§à¸Íä´é§Ò¹·Óà»ç¹¹Ñ¡Êѧ¤Áʧà¤ÃÒÐËì ÊÕè»ÕµèÍÁÒ à¸Í¡ç¡ÅѺ仺ԹÍÕ¡ ¤ÃÒǹÕéà¸Í«×éÍà¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹ Avro Avian áÅÐä´é¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÊµÃÕ¤¹áá·ÕèºÔ¹à´ÕèÂÇ¢éÒÁ·ÇÕ» ¨Ò¡¹Ñé¹à»ç¹µé¹ÁÒ à¸Í¡ç¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹¼ÙéÊÃéÒ§áÅзÓÅÒÂʶԵÔã¹´éÒ¹¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇáÅÐÃÐÂзҧ¢Í§µÑÇàͧ ·Ñé§ã¹¡ÒÃá¢è§¢Ñ¹áÅСÒúԹ¼Ò´â¼¹·Õè ¨ÍÃì¨ ¾ÒÅìÁàÁÍÃì ¾Ñ·á¹Á ÊÒÁÕà¸Íà»ç¹¼ÙéʹѺʹع
ÍÁÕàÅÕÂà»ç¹·ÕèÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñ¹´Õã¹»Õ 1932 àÁ×èÍà¸Í¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÊµÃÕ¤¹áá·ÕèºÔ¹à´ÕèÂÇ¢éÒÁÁËÒÊÁØ·Ãá͵áŹµÔ¡ Íѹà»ç¹¡ÒÃà©ÅÔÁ©Åͧ¤ÃºÃͺ»Õ·ÕèËéÒáË觤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃ稢ͧ ªÒÃìÅÊì ÅÔ¹´ìàºÔÃì¡ ´éÇ¡ÒúԹà¤Ã×èͧ Lockheed Vega ¨Ò¡ Harbor Grace ·Õè ¹ÔÇ¿ÒÇ´ìᏴì ä»ÂѧÅ͹´Í¹à´ÍÃìÃÕ »ÃÐà·ÈäÍÃìᏴì ã¹»Õ¹Ñé¹ à¸Íä´éÃѺà¤Ã×èͧÃÒªÍÔÊÃÔÂÒÀóì Distinguished Flying Cross ¨Ò¡ÊÀҤͧà¡ÃÊ ä´éÃѺ Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor ¨Ò¡ÃѰºÒŽÃÑè§àÈÊ áÅÐä´éÃѺ Gold Medal ¢Í§ÊÁÒ¤Á National Geographic ¨Ò¡»ÃиҹҸԺ´ÕÎÙàÇÍÃì
ã¹à´×͹Á¡ÃÒ¤Á »Õ 1935 ÍÁÕàÅÕ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ºØ¤¤Åáá·ÕèºÔ¹à´ÕèÂÇ¢éÒÁÁËÒÊÁØ·ÃừԿԡ â´ÂºÔ¹¨Ò¡âÎâ¹ÅÙÅÙä»ÂѧâÍê¤áŹ´ì ÃѰá¤ÅÔ¿ÍÃìà¹Õ µèÍÁÒã¹»Õ¹Ñé¹ à¸Í¡çºÔ¹à´ÕèÂǨҡ ÅÍÊ áͧà¨ÅÔÊ ä»Âѧ áÁ¡«Ôâ¡ «ÔµÕ áÅСÅѺä»Âѧ ¹ÇÃì¡ ÃѰ¹ÔÇà¨ÍÃì«Õ áÅÐã¹à´×͹¡Ã¡®Ò¤Á »Õ 1936 à¸Í¡çä´éÃѺà¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹ Lockheed 10E “Electra” â´Â¡ÒÃʹѺʹع´éÒ¹¡ÒÃà§Ô¹¨Ò¡ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ Purdue áÅÐà¸Í¡çàÃÔèÁÇÒ§á¼¹¡ÒúԹÃͺâÅ¡
áÁéà¸Í¨ÐÁÔãªèÁ¹ØÉÂ줹áá·ÕèºÔ¹ÃͺâÅ¡ áµè¡ÒúԹ¤ÃÑé§¹Õéà»ç¹¡ÒúԹã¹ÃÐÂзҧ·ÕèÂÒÇ·ÕèÊØ´ ¹Ñ蹤×Í 29,000 äÁÅì â´ÂºÔ¹ä»µÒÁᶺàÊé¹ÈÙ¹ÂìÊٵà (equatorial route) ã¹Çѹ·Õè 17 ÁÕ¹Ò¤Á 1937 à¸ÍàÃÔèÁºÔ¹µÍ¹áá ¤×ͺԹ¨Ò¡âÍê¤áŹ´ì ÃѰá¤ÅÔ¿ÍÃìà¹Õ ä»ÂѧÎÍâ¹ÅÙÅÙ ÃѰÎÒÇÒ áµèÊÒÁÇѹµèÍÁÒ ÂÒ§¢éҧ˹Öè§à¡Ô´ÃÐàºÔ´µÍ¹¹Óà¤Ã×èͧ¢Öé¹ à¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹àÊÕÂËÒÂÍÂèҧ˹ѡ¨¹µéͧÊè§¡ÅѺ仫èÍÁ·Õèá¤ÅÔ¿ÍÃìà¹Õ ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹡ÒúԹ¤ÃÑé§¹Õé¨Ö§µéͧ¡àÅÔ¡ ¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ¤ÃÑé§·ÕèÊͧàÃÔèÁ·ÕèäÁÍÒÁÕ ¤ÃÑé§¹Õé¨ÐºÔ¹¨Ò¡µÐÇѹµ¡ä»·Ò§µÐÇѹÍÍ¡ áÅÐ à¿Ã´ ¹Ùá¹¹ «Öè§à»ç¹Í´Õµ¹Ñ¡ºÔ¹¢Í§ÊÒ¡ÒúԹ Pan Am ¨Ðà»ç¹¼Ùé¹Ó㹡ÒúԹãËéÍÁÕàÅÕ áÅÐà»ç¹à¾×è͹ÃèÇÁ·Ò§à¾Õ§¤¹à´ÕÂǵÅÍ´¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§ ¾Ç¡à¢ÒÍÍ¡¨Ò¡äÁÍÒÁÕã¹Çѹ·Õè 1 ÁԶعÒ¹ áÅÐËÅѧ¨Ò¡ËÂØ´¾Ñ¡ËÅÒÂáËè§ ·Ñé§ã¹ÍàÁÃÔ¡Òãµé áÍ¿ÃÔ¡Ò áÅзÇÕ»ÂèÍÂæ ÃÇÁä»¶Ö§àÍàªÕµÐÇѹÍÍ¡à©Õ§ãµé ¾Ç¡à¢Ò¡çÁÒ¶Ö§ Lae ã¹»ÃÐà·È¹ÔÇ¡Õ¹Õ ã¹Çѹ·Õè 29 ÁԶعÒ¹ ¾Ç¡à¢Òä´éà´Ô¹·Ò§à»ç¹ÃÐÂзҧ»ÃÐÁÒ³ 22,000 äÁÅìáÅéÇ áÅÐÂѧàËÅ×ÍÍÕ¡ 7,000 äÁÅì·Õè¨ÐµéͧºÔ¹¢éÒÁÁËÒÊÁØ·ÃừԿԡ
ã¹Çѹ·Õè 2 ¡Ã¡®Ò¤Á 1937 àÇÅÒ 0000 GMT ÍÁÕàÅÕ¡Ѻ¹Ùá¹¹ºÔ¹ÍÍ¡¨Ò¡ Lae ¨Ø´ËÁÒ»ÅÒ·ҧ·Õè¾Ç¡à¢ÒµÑé§ã¨¨Ðä»¶Ö§¤×Íà¡ÒÐ Howland «Öè§à»ç¹à¡ÒÐàÅç¡æ ·ÕèÂÒÇ»ÃÐÁÒ³ÊͧÊÒÁäÁÅìáÅÐÊÙ§ 20 ¿Øµ áÅÐÍÂÙèËèÒ§Í͡任ÃÐÁÒ³ 2,556 äÁÅì µÓá˹è§ÊØ´·éÒ·ÕèÁÕÃÒ§ҹÇèÒ¾ºàËç¹à¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¤×Í¢³ÐºÔ¹ÍÂÙèà˹×ÍËÁÙèà¡ÒÐ Nukumanu àÃ×ÍàÃçǢͧà¨éÒ˹éÒ·ÕèµÃǨªÒ½Ñè§·ÐàŢͧÊËÃÑ°Ï ·Õèª×èÍ USCGC Itasca ¨Í´ÍÂÙè·ÕèʶҹÕã¡Åéæ ¡Ñºà¡ÒÐ Howland áÅСçä´éÃѺ¤ÓÊÑ觤è͹¢éÒ§´èǹãËéµÔ´µè͡Ѻà¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹¢Í§ÍÁÕàÅÕ áÅйӷҧà¸Íä»Âѧà¡ÒйÑé¹àÁ×èÍà¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹¢Í§à¸ÍºÔ¹ÁÒÍÂÙèã¹ÃÐÂзÕèÁͧàËç¹ä´é
áµè»ÃÒ¡¯ÇèÒ ·Ñé§ÍÁÕàÅÕÂáÅÐà¿Ã´ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéà¾Õ§¹é͹Դ㹡ÒÃà´Ô¹Ë¹´éÇÂÇÔ·ÂØ (radio navigation) ¤Å×蹤ÇÒÁ¶Õè·ÕèÍÁÕàÅÕÂãªé¹Ñé¹äÁèàËÁÒСѺ¡Òä鹾º·ÔÈ·Ò§ (¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¤×ÍÇèÒ à¸ÍäÁèä´é¹Óà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÃѺÊ觤Å×è¹ÇÔ·ÂØ«Öè§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¶Õè·ÕèµèÓ¡ÇèÒ¹ÕéÁÒ´éÇ «Öè§ÍÒ¨¨Ð·ÓãËéàÃ×ÍàÃçÇ Itasca ÊÒÁÒö¤é¹ËÒµÓá˹觢ͧà¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹¢Í§à¸Í¾º) áÅФسÀÒ¾¡ÒÃÃѺÊ觤Å×蹢ͧà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÊ×èÍÊÒâͧà¸Í¡çµèÓ ËÅѧ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁÍѹÊÔé¹ËÇѧ¶Ö§Ë¡ªÑèÇâÁ§ã¹¡ÒõԴµèÍÊ×èÍÊÒÃÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ¾Ç¡à¢Ò¡ç¢Ò´¡ÒõԴµè͡ѹÍÂèÒ§ÊÔé¹àªÔ§
´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ·ÕÁ¤é¹ËÒÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Í§·Ñ¾àÃ×ÍáÅÐà¨éÒ˹éÒ·ÕèµÃǨªÒ½Ñè§·ÐàŨ֧¶Ù¡¨Ñ´µÑé§¢Öé¹ áµè¡çäÁèÊÒÁÒöËÒËÅÑ¡°Ò¹·Ò§¡ÒÂÀÒ¾¢Í§¹Ñ¡ºÔ¹·Ñé§ÊͧáÅÐà¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹ä´é áµè¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì´éÇÂÇÔ¸ÕÊÁÑÂãËÁèä´éºè§ªÕéÇèÒ ËÅѧ¨Ò¡¾Ç¡à¢ÒºÔ¹¼èÒ¹ËÁÙèà¡ÒÐ Nukumanu áÅéÇ ÍÁÕàÅÕ¡çàÃÔèÁºÔ¹ÍÍ¡¹Í¡àÊé¹·Ò§ÍÂèÒ§äÁèµÑé§ã¨ â´ÂºÔ¹ÁØè§ä»Âѧ¨Ø´·ÕèÍÂÙèËèÒ§Í͡任ÃÐÁÒ³ 100 äÁÅì NNW ¢Í§ Howland â´Â·ÑèÇä»áÅéǹѡÇÔ¨ÑÂàª×èÍÇèÒ¹éÓÁѹËÁ´ à¤Ã×èͧºÔ¹¨Ö§µ¡Å§ä»ã¹·ÐàÅ áÅÐÍÁÕàÅÕ¡Ѻà¿Ã´¡çàÊÕªÕÇÔµ·Ñ駤Ùè
|